To obtain engineering properties of materials, designers usually refer more to information obtained from tensile testing than to that obtained from practically all other types of testing combined. The more important properties are tensile ultimate and yield stresses, modulus of elasticity, the corresponding compressive and shearing properties and Poisson's ration.
Showing posts with label Engineering Materials. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Engineering Materials. Show all posts
Fabrication of Engineering Materials: Castings & Hot-working
The designer must keep in mind the available fabrication methods and the effects of each on the properties of the finished member.
CASTINGS are used for members of intricate shape that would be difficult to manufacture by other methods. When cast in the metal molds under pressure, the products are called die castings; they are more accurate in size and shape than are ordinary castings, and in many cases they require no machining. Centrifugal castings are made by rapidly revolving the molds during the introduction and solidification of the molten casting material.
Density of Solid Materials
Material
|
kg/cu.m.
|
lb/cu.ft.
|
Alfalfa, ground
|
256.00
|
15.98
|
Alum, lumpy
|
881.00
|
55.00
|
Alum, pulverized
|
753.00
|
47.01
|
Alumina
|
961.00
|
59.99
|
Aluminum, oxide
|
1522.00
|
95.02
|
Ammonia gas
|
0.77
|
0.05
|
Ammonium Nitrate
|
730.00
|
45.57
|
Ammonium Sulphate - dry
|
1130.00
|
70.54
|
Ammonium Sulphate - wet
|
1290.00
|
80.53
|
Andesite, solid
|
2771.00
|
172.99
|
Antimony, cast
|
6696.00
|
418.02
|
Apples
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Arsenic
|
5671.00
|
354.03
|
Asbestos - shredded
|
400.00
|
24.97
|
Asbestos rock
|
1600.00
|
99.88
|
Ashes - wet
|
890.00
|
55.56
|
Ashes - dry
|
650.00
|
40.58
|
Asphalt, crushed
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Babbitt
|
7272.00
|
453.98
|
Bagasse
|
120.00
|
7.49
|
Bakelite, solid
|
1362.00
|
85.03
|
Baking powder
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Barium
|
3780.00
|
235.98
|
Bark, wood refuse
|
240.00
|
14.98
|
Barley
|
609.00
|
38.02
|
Barite, crushed
|
2883.00
|
179.98
|
Basalt, broken
|
1954.00
|
121.98
|
Basalt, solid
|
3011.00
|
187.97
|
Bauxite, crushed
|
1281.00
|
79.97
|
Beans, castor
|
577.00
|
36.02
|
Beans, cocoa
|
593.00
|
37.02
|
Beans, navy
|
801.00
|
50.00
|
Beans, soy
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Beeswax
|
961.00
|
59.99
|
Beets
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Bentonite
|
593.00
|
37.02
|
Bicarbonate of soda
|
689.00
|
43.01
|
Bismuth
|
9787.00
|
610.98
|
Bones, pulverized
|
881.00
|
55.00
|
Borax, fine
|
849.00
|
53.00
|
Bran
|
256.00
|
15.98
|
Brewers grain
|
432.00
|
26.97
|
Brick, common red
|
1922.00
|
119.99
|
Brick, fire clay
|
2403.00
|
150.01
|
Brick, silica
|
2050.00
|
127.98
|
Brick, chrome
|
2803.00
|
174.99
|
Brick, magnesia
|
2563.00
|
160.00
|
Buckwheat
|
657.00
|
41.02
|
Butter
|
865.00
|
54.00
|
Cadmium
|
8650.00
|
540.00
|
Calcium carbide
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Caliche
|
1442.00
|
90.02
|
Carbon, solid
|
2146.00
|
133.97
|
Carbon, powdered
|
80.00
|
4.99
|
Carbon dioxide
|
1.98
|
0.12
|
Carbon monoxide
|
1.25
|
0.08
|
Cardboard
|
689.00
|
43.01
|
Cement - clinker
|
1540.00
|
96.14
|
Cement, Portland
|
1506.00
|
94.02
|
Cement, mortar
|
2162.00
|
134.97
|
Cement, slurry
|
1442.00
|
90.02
|
Chalk, solid
|
2499.00
|
156.01
|
Chalk, lumpy
|
1442.00
|
90.02
|
Chalk, fine
|
1121.00
|
69.98
|
Charcoal
|
208.00
|
12.99
|
Chloroform
|
1522.00
|
95.02
|
Chocolate, powder
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Chromic acid, flake
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Chromium
|
6856.00
|
428.01
|
Chromium ore
|
2162.00
|
134.97
|
Cinders, furnace
|
913.00
|
57.00
|
Cinders, Coal, ash
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Clay, dry
|
1089.00
|
67.98
|
Clay, wet
|
1826.00
|
113.99
|
Clay, dry lump
|
1073.00
|
66.99
|
Clay, fire
|
1362.00
|
85.03
|
Clay, wet lump
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Clay, compacted
|
1746.00
|
109.00
|
Clover seed
|
769.00
|
48.01
|
Coal, Anthracite, solid
|
1506.00
|
94.02
|
Coal, Anthracite, broken
|
1105.00
|
68.98
|
Coal, Bituminous, solid
|
1346.00
|
84.03
|
Coal, Bituminous, broken
|
833.00
|
52.00
|
Cobaltite
|
6295.00
|
392.98
|
Coconut, meal
|
513.00
|
32.03
|
Coconut, shredded
|
352.00
|
21.97
|
Coffee, fresh beans
|
561.00
|
35.02
|
Coffee, roast beans
|
432.00
|
26.97
|
Coke
|
650.00
|
40.58
|
Concrete, Asphalt
|
2243.00
|
140.03
|
Concrete, Gravel
|
2403.00
|
150.01
|
Concrete,
|
2371.00
|
148.02
|
Copper ore
|
1940.00
|
121.11
|
Copper sulfate, ground
|
3604.00
|
224.99
|
Copra, medium size
|
529.00
|
33.02
|
Copra, meal, ground
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Copra, round
|
513.00
|
32.03
|
Copra, chopped
|
465.00
|
29.03
|
Cork, solid
|
240.00
|
14.98
|
Cork, ground
|
160.00
|
9.99
|
Corn, on the cob
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Corn, shelled
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Corn, grits
|
673.00
|
42.01
|
Cottonseed, dry
|
561.00
|
35.02
|
Cottonseed, dry
|
320.00
|
19.98
|
Cottonseed, lumpy
|
673.00
|
42.01
|
Cottonseed, hulls
|
192.00
|
11.99
|
Cottonseed, meal
|
593.00
|
37.02
|
Cottonseed, meats
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Cottonwood
|
416.00
|
25.97
|
Cryolite
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Cullet
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Culm
|
753.00
|
47.01
|
Dolomite, solid
|
2899.00
|
180.98
|
Dolomite, pulverized
|
737.00
|
46.01
|
Dolomite, lumpy
|
1522.00
|
95.02
|
Earth, dry
|
1249.00
|
77.97
|
Earth, moist
|
1442.00
|
90.02
|
Earth, wet
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Earth, dense
|
2002.00
|
124.98
|
Earth, mud
|
1730.00
|
108.00
|
Earth, packed
|
1522.00
|
95.02
|
Earth, raw
|
673.00
|
42.01
|
Emery
|
4005.00
|
250.02
|
Ether
|
737.00
|
46.01
|
Feldspar, solid
|
2563.00
|
160.00
|
Feldspar, pulverized
|
1233.00
|
76.97
|
Fertilizer
|
961.00
|
59.99
|
Fish, scrap
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Fish, meal
|
593.00
|
37.02
|
Flaxseed, whole
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Flint - silica
|
1390.00
|
86.77
|
Flour, wheat
|
593.00
|
37.02
|
Flue dust
|
2020.00
|
126.10
|
Fluorspar, solid
|
3204.00
|
200.02
|
Fluorspar, lumps
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Fluorspar, pulverized
|
1442.00
|
90.02
|
Fullers Earth - raw
|
730.00
|
45.57
|
Galena
|
7600.00
|
474.45
|
Garbage
|
481.00
|
30.03
|
Glass - broken
|
1940.00
|
121.11
|
Glass, window
|
2579.00
|
161.00
|
Glue, flaked
|
561.00
|
35.02
|
Glue, powdered
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Gluten, meal
|
625.00
|
39.02
|
Gneiss, bed in place
|
2867.00
|
178.98
|
Gneiss, broken
|
1858.00
|
115.99
|
Granite, solid
|
2691.00
|
167.99
|
Granite, broken
|
1650.00
|
103.01
|
Graphite, flake
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Grain - Maize
|
760.00
|
47.45
|
Grain - Barley
|
600.00
|
37.46
|
Grain - Millet
|
800.00
|
49.94
|
Grain - Wheat
|
800.00
|
49.94
|
Gravel, loose, dry
|
1522.00
|
95.02
|
Gravel
|
1922.00
|
119.99
|
Gravel, dry
|
1682.00
|
105.00
|
Gravel, wet
|
2002.00
|
124.98
|
Gummite
|
6400.00
|
399.54
|
Gypsum, solid
|
2787.00
|
173.99
|
Gypsum, broken
|
1600.00
|
99.88
|
Gypsum, crushed
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Gypsum, pulverized
|
1121.00
|
69.98
|
Halite, solid
|
2323.00
|
145.02
|
Halite
|
1506.00
|
94.02
|
Hematite
|
5205.00
|
324.94
|
Hemimorphite
|
3490.00
|
217.87
|
Hydrochloric acid
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Ice, solid
|
919.00
|
57.37
|
Ice, crushed
|
593.00
|
37.02
|
Ilmenite
|
2307.00
|
144.02
|
Iridium
|
22154.00
|
1383.03
|
Iron ore, crushed
|
2900.00
|
181.04
|
Iron oxide pigment
|
400.00
|
24.97
|
Iron Pyrites
|
2400.00
|
149.83
|
Iron sulphate, dry
|
1200.00
|
74.91
|
Iron sulphate - wet
|
1290.00
|
80.53
|
Ivory
|
1842.00
|
114.99
|
Kaolin, green crushed
|
1025.00
|
63.99
|
Kaolin, pulverized
|
352.00
|
21.97
|
Lead, rolled
|
11389.00
|
710.99
|
Lead, red
|
3684.00
|
229.98
|
Lead, white pigment
|
4085.00
|
255.02
|
Leather
|
945.00
|
58.99
|
Lignite, dry
|
801.00
|
50.00
|
Lime, quick, lump
|
849.00
|
53.00
|
Lime, quick, fine
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Lime, stone, large
|
2691.00
|
167.99
|
Lime, stone, lump
|
1538.00
|
96.01
|
Lime, hydrated
|
481.00
|
30.03
|
Lime, wet or mortar
|
1540.00
|
96.14
|
Limonite, solid
|
3796.00
|
236.98
|
Limonite, broken
|
2467.00
|
154.01
|
Limestone, solid
|
2611.00
|
163.00
|
Limestone, broken
|
1554.00
|
97.01
|
Limestone, pulverized
|
1394.00
|
87.02
|
Linseed, whole
|
753.00
|
47.01
|
Linseed, meal
|
513.00
|
32.03
|
Locust, dry
|
705.00
|
44.01
|
Magnesite, solid
|
3011.00
|
187.97
|
Magnesium oxide
|
1940.00
|
121.11
|
Magnesium sulphate, crystal
|
1121.00
|
69.98
|
Magnetite, solid
|
5046.00
|
315.01
|
Magnetite, broken
|
3284.00
|
205.01
|
Malachite
|
3960.00
|
247.21
|
Malt
|
336.00
|
20.98
|
Manganese, solid
|
7609.00
|
475.01
|
Manganese oxide
|
1922.00
|
119.99
|
Manure
|
400.00
|
24.97
|
Marble, solid
|
2563.00
|
160.00
|
Marble, broken
|
1570.00
|
98.01
|
Marl, wet
|
2243.00
|
140.03
|
Mica, solid
|
2883.00
|
179.98
|
Mica, broken
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Mica - flake
|
520.00
|
32.46
|
Mica - powder
|
986.00
|
61.55
|
Milk, powdered
|
449.00
|
28.03
|
Molybdenum ore
|
1600.00
|
99.88
|
Mortar, wet
|
2403.00
|
150.01
|
Mud, packed
|
1906.00
|
118.99
|
Mud, fluid
|
1730.00
|
108.00
|
Nickel ore
|
1600.00
|
99.88
|
Nickel, rolled
|
8666.00
|
541.00
|
Nickel silver
|
8442.00
|
527.02
|
Nitric acid
|
1506.00
|
94.02
|
Nitrogen
|
1.26
|
0.08
|
Oak, red
|
705.00
|
44.01
|
Oats
|
432.00
|
26.97
|
Oats, rolled
|
304.00
|
18.98
|
Oil cake
|
785.00
|
49.01
|
Oil, linseed
|
942.00
|
58.81
|
Oil, petroleum
|
881.00
|
55.00
|
Oxygen
|
1.43
|
0.09
|
Oyster shells, ground
|
849.00
|
53.00
|
Paper, standard
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Peanuts, shelled
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Peanuts, not shelled
|
272.00
|
16.98
|
Peat, dry
|
400.00
|
24.97
|
Peat, moist
|
801.00
|
50.00
|
Peat, wet
|
1121.00
|
69.98
|
Pecan wood
|
753.00
|
47.01
|
Phosphate rock, broken
|
1762.00
|
110.00
|
Phosphorus
|
2339.00
|
146.02
|
Pitch
|
1153.00
|
71.98
|
Plaster
|
849.00
|
53.00
|
Platinum ore
|
2600.00
|
162.31
|
Porcelain
|
2403.00
|
150.01
|
Porphyry, solid
|
2547.00
|
159.00
|
Porphyry, broken
|
1650.00
|
103.01
|
Potash
|
1281.00
|
79.97
|
Potassium chloride
|
2002.00
|
124.98
|
Potatoes, white
|
769.00
|
48.01
|
Pumice, stone
|
641.00
|
40.02
|
Pyrite
|
5015.00
|
313.08
|
Quartz, solid
|
2643.00
|
165.00
|
Quartz, lump
|
1554.00
|
97.01
|
Quartz sand
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Resin, crushed
|
561.00
|
35.02
|
Rice, hulled
|
753.00
|
47.01
|
Rice, rough
|
577.00
|
36.02
|
Rice grits
|
689.00
|
43.01
|
Rip-Rap
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Rock, soft
|
1780.00
|
111.12
|
Rosin
|
1073.00
|
66.99
|
Rubber, caoutchouc
|
945.00
|
58.99
|
Rubber
|
1522.00
|
95.02
|
Rubber, ground scrap
|
481.00
|
30.03
|
Rye
|
705.00
|
44.01
|
Salt cake
|
1442.00
|
90.02
|
Salt, course
|
801.00
|
50.00
|
Salt, fine
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Saltpeter
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Sand, wet
|
1922.00
|
119.99
|
Sand, wet
|
2082.00
|
129.98
|
Sand, dry
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Sand, loose
|
1442.00
|
90.02
|
Sand, rammed
|
1682.00
|
105.00
|
Sand, water filled
|
1922.00
|
119.99
|
Sand with Gravel, dry
|
1650.00
|
103.01
|
Sand with Gravel, wet
|
2020.00
|
126.10
|
Sandstone, solid
|
2323.00
|
145.02
|
Sandstone, broken
|
1450.00
|
90.52
|
Sawdust
|
210.00
|
13.11
|
Sewage, sludge
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Shale, solid
|
2675.00
|
166.99
|
Shale, broken
|
1586.00
|
99.01
|
Shells - oyster
|
800.00
|
49.94
|
Sinter
|
2180.00
|
136.09
|
Slag, solid
|
2114.00
|
131.97
|
Slag, broken
|
1762.00
|
110.00
|
Slag, crushed
|
1185.00
|
73.98
|
Slag, furn. granulated
|
961.00
|
59.99
|
Slate, solid
|
2691.00
|
167.99
|
Slate, broken
|
1450.00
|
90.52
|
Slate, pulverized
|
1362.00
|
85.03
|
Smithsonite
|
4300.00
|
268.44
|
Snow, freshly fallen
|
160.00
|
9.99
|
Snow, compacted
|
481.00
|
30.03
|
Soap, solid
|
801.00
|
50.00
|
Soap, chips
|
160.00
|
9.99
|
Soap, flakes
|
160.00
|
9.99
|
Soap, powdered
|
368.00
|
22.97
|
Soapstone talc
|
2400.00
|
149.83
|
Soda Ash, heavy
|
1080.00
|
67.42
|
Soda Ash, light
|
432.00
|
26.97
|
Sodium
|
977.00
|
60.99
|
Sodium Aluminate, ground
|
1153.00
|
71.98
|
Sodium Nitrate, ground
|
1201.00
|
74.98
|
Soy beans, whole
|
753.00
|
47.01
|
Starch, powdered
|
561.00
|
35.02
|
Stone, crushed
|
1602.00
|
100.01
|
Stone
|
2515.00
|
157.01
|
Sugar, brown
|
721.00
|
45.01
|
Sugar, powdered
|
801.00
|
50.00
|
Sugar, granulated
|
849.00
|
53.00
|
Sugar, raw
|
961.00
|
59.99
|
Sugarbeet pulp, dry
|
208.00
|
12.99
|
Sugarbeet pulp, wet
|
561.00
|
35.02
|
Sugarcane
|
272.00
|
16.98
|
Sulphur, solid
|
2002.00
|
124.98
|
Sulphur, lump
|
1314.00
|
82.03
|
Sulphur, pulverized
|
961.00
|
59.99
|
Taconite
|
2803.00
|
174.99
|
Talc, solid
|
2691.00
|
167.99
|
Talc, broken
|
1746.00
|
109.00
|
Tanbark, ground
|
881.00
|
55.00
|
Tankage
|
961.00
|
59.99
|
Tar
|
1153.00
|
71.98
|
Tobacco
|
320.00
|
19.98
|
Trap rock, solid
|
2883.00
|
179.98
|
Trap rock, broken
|
1746.00
|
109.00
|
Turf
|
400.00
|
24.97
|
Turpentine
|
865.00
|
54.00
|
Walnut, black, dry
|
609.00
|
38.02
|
Water, pure
|
1000.00
|
62.43
|
Water, sea
|
1026.00
|
64.05
|
Wheat
|
769.00
|
48.01
|
Wheat, cracked
|
673.00
|
42.01
|
Wood, dry
|
520.00
|
32.46
|
Wool
|
1314.00
|
82.03
|
Zinc oxide
|
400.00
|
24.97
|