Showing posts with label Engineering Materials. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Engineering Materials. Show all posts

Static & Fatigue Strengths of Engineering Materials

Static Strength of Engineering Materials. 
To obtain engineering properties of materials, designers usually refer more to information obtained from tensile testing than to that obtained from practically all other types of testing combined. The more important properties are tensile ultimate and yield stresses, modulus of elasticity, the corresponding compressive and shearing properties and Poisson's ration.

Fabrication of Engineering Materials: Castings & Hot-working

The designer must keep in mind the available fabrication methods and the effects of each on the properties of the finished member.

CASTINGS are used for members of intricate shape that would be difficult to manufacture by other methods. When cast in the metal molds under pressure, the products are called die castings; they are more accurate in size and shape than are ordinary castings, and in many cases they require no machining. Centrifugal castings are made by rapidly revolving the molds during the introduction and solidification of the molten casting material.

Density of Solid Materials

 The following are Densities of various solid Engineering materials.



Material
kg/cu.m.
lb/cu.ft.
Alfalfa, ground
256.00
15.98
Alum, lumpy
881.00
55.00
Alum, pulverized
753.00
47.01
Alumina
961.00
59.99
Aluminum, oxide
1522.00
95.02
Ammonia gas
0.77
0.05
Ammonium Nitrate
730.00
45.57
Ammonium Sulphate - dry
1130.00
70.54
Ammonium Sulphate - wet
1290.00
80.53
Andesite, solid
2771.00
172.99
Antimony, cast
6696.00
418.02
Apples
641.00
40.02
Arsenic
5671.00
354.03
Asbestos - shredded
400.00
24.97
Asbestos rock
1600.00
99.88
Ashes - wet
890.00
55.56
Ashes - dry
650.00
40.58
Asphalt, crushed
721.00
45.01
Babbitt
7272.00
453.98
Bagasse
120.00
7.49
Bakelite, solid
1362.00
85.03
Baking powder
721.00
45.01
Barium
3780.00
235.98
Bark, wood refuse
240.00
14.98
Barley
609.00
38.02
Barite, crushed
2883.00
179.98
Basalt, broken
1954.00
121.98
Basalt, solid
3011.00
187.97
Bauxite, crushed
1281.00
79.97
Beans, castor
577.00
36.02
Beans, cocoa
593.00
37.02
Beans, navy
801.00
50.00
Beans, soy
721.00
45.01
Beeswax
961.00
59.99
Beets
721.00
45.01
Bentonite
593.00
37.02
Bicarbonate of soda
689.00
43.01
Bismuth
9787.00
610.98
Bones, pulverized
881.00
55.00
Borax, fine
849.00
53.00
Bran
256.00
15.98
Brewers grain
432.00
26.97
Brick, common red
1922.00
119.99
Brick, fire clay
2403.00
150.01
Brick, silica
2050.00
127.98
Brick, chrome
2803.00
174.99
Brick, magnesia
2563.00
160.00
Buckwheat
657.00
41.02
Butter
865.00
54.00
Cadmium
8650.00
540.00
Calcium carbide
1201.00
74.98
Caliche
1442.00
90.02
Carbon, solid
2146.00
133.97
Carbon, powdered
80.00
4.99
Carbon dioxide
1.98
0.12
Carbon monoxide
1.25
0.08
Cardboard
689.00
43.01
Cement - clinker
1540.00
96.14
Cement, Portland
1506.00
94.02
Cement, mortar
2162.00
134.97
Cement, slurry
1442.00
90.02
Chalk, solid
2499.00
156.01
Chalk, lumpy
1442.00
90.02
Chalk, fine
1121.00
69.98
Charcoal
208.00
12.99
Chloroform
1522.00
95.02
Chocolate, powder
641.00
40.02
Chromic acid, flake
1201.00
74.98
Chromium
6856.00
428.01
Chromium ore
2162.00
134.97
Cinders, furnace
913.00
57.00
Cinders, Coal, ash
641.00
40.02
Clay, dry
1089.00
67.98
Clay, wet
1826.00
113.99
Clay, dry lump
1073.00
66.99
Clay, fire
1362.00
85.03
Clay, wet lump
1602.00
100.01
Clay, compacted
1746.00
109.00
Clover seed
769.00
48.01
Coal, Anthracite, solid
1506.00
94.02
Coal, Anthracite, broken
1105.00
68.98
Coal, Bituminous, solid
1346.00
84.03
Coal, Bituminous, broken
833.00
52.00
Cobaltite
6295.00
392.98
Coconut, meal
513.00
32.03
Coconut, shredded
352.00
21.97
Coffee, fresh beans
561.00
35.02
Coffee, roast beans
432.00
26.97
Coke
650.00
40.58
Concrete, Asphalt
2243.00
140.03
Concrete, Gravel
2403.00
150.01
Concrete,
2371.00
148.02
Copper ore
1940.00
121.11
Copper sulfate, ground
3604.00
224.99
Copra, medium size
529.00
33.02
Copra, meal, ground
641.00
40.02
Copra, round
513.00
32.03
Copra, chopped
465.00
29.03
Cork, solid
240.00
14.98
Cork, ground
160.00
9.99
Corn, on the cob
721.00
45.01
Corn, shelled
721.00
45.01
Corn, grits
673.00
42.01
Cottonseed, dry
561.00
35.02
Cottonseed, dry
320.00
19.98
Cottonseed, lumpy
673.00
42.01
Cottonseed, hulls
192.00
11.99
Cottonseed, meal
593.00
37.02
Cottonseed, meats
641.00
40.02
Cottonwood
416.00
25.97
Cryolite
1602.00
100.01
Cullet
1602.00
100.01
Culm
753.00
47.01
Dolomite, solid
2899.00
180.98
Dolomite, pulverized
737.00
46.01
Dolomite, lumpy
1522.00
95.02
Earth, dry
1249.00
77.97
Earth, moist
1442.00
90.02
Earth, wet
1602.00
100.01
Earth, dense
2002.00
124.98
Earth, mud
1730.00
108.00
Earth, packed
1522.00
95.02
Earth, raw
673.00
42.01
Emery
4005.00
250.02
Ether
737.00
46.01
Feldspar, solid
2563.00
160.00
Feldspar, pulverized
1233.00
76.97
Fertilizer
961.00
59.99
Fish, scrap
721.00
45.01
Fish, meal
593.00
37.02
Flaxseed, whole
721.00
45.01
Flint - silica
1390.00
86.77
Flour, wheat
593.00
37.02
Flue dust
2020.00
126.10
Fluorspar, solid
3204.00
200.02
Fluorspar, lumps
1602.00
100.01
Fluorspar, pulverized
1442.00
90.02
Fullers Earth - raw
730.00
45.57
Galena
7600.00
474.45
Garbage
481.00
30.03
Glass - broken
1940.00
121.11
Glass, window
2579.00
161.00
Glue, flaked
561.00
35.02
Glue,  powdered
641.00
40.02
Gluten, meal
625.00
39.02
Gneiss, bed in place
2867.00
178.98
Gneiss, broken
1858.00
115.99
Granite, solid
2691.00
167.99
Granite, broken
1650.00
103.01
Graphite, flake
641.00
40.02
Grain - Maize
760.00
47.45
Grain - Barley
600.00
37.46
Grain - Millet
800.00
49.94
Grain - Wheat
800.00
49.94
Gravel, loose, dry
1522.00
95.02
Gravel
1922.00
119.99
Gravel, dry
1682.00
105.00
Gravel, wet
2002.00
124.98
Gummite
6400.00
399.54
Gypsum, solid
2787.00
173.99
Gypsum, broken
1600.00
99.88
Gypsum, crushed
1602.00
100.01
Gypsum, pulverized
1121.00
69.98
Halite, solid
2323.00
145.02
Halite
1506.00
94.02
Hematite
5205.00
324.94
Hemimorphite
3490.00
217.87
Hydrochloric acid
1201.00
74.98
Ice, solid
919.00
57.37
Ice, crushed
593.00
37.02
Ilmenite
2307.00
144.02
Iridium
22154.00
1383.03
Iron ore, crushed
2900.00
181.04
Iron oxide pigment
400.00
24.97
Iron Pyrites
2400.00
149.83
Iron sulphate, dry
1200.00
74.91
Iron sulphate - wet
1290.00
80.53
Ivory
1842.00
114.99
Kaolin, green crushed
1025.00
63.99
Kaolin, pulverized
352.00
21.97
Lead, rolled
11389.00
710.99
Lead, red
3684.00
229.98
Lead, white pigment
4085.00
255.02
Leather
945.00
58.99
Lignite, dry
801.00
50.00
Lime, quick, lump
849.00
53.00
Lime, quick, fine
1201.00
74.98
Lime, stone, large
2691.00
167.99
Lime, stone, lump
1538.00
96.01
Lime, hydrated
481.00
30.03
Lime, wet or mortar
1540.00
96.14
Limonite, solid
3796.00
236.98
Limonite, broken
2467.00
154.01
Limestone, solid
2611.00
163.00
Limestone, broken
1554.00
97.01
Limestone, pulverized
1394.00
87.02
Linseed, whole
753.00
47.01
Linseed, meal
513.00
32.03
Locust, dry
705.00
44.01
Magnesite, solid
3011.00
187.97
Magnesium oxide
1940.00
121.11
Magnesium sulphate, crystal
1121.00
69.98
Magnetite, solid
5046.00
315.01
Magnetite, broken
3284.00
205.01
Malachite
3960.00
247.21
Malt
336.00
20.98
Manganese, solid
7609.00
475.01
Manganese oxide
1922.00
119.99
Manure
400.00
24.97
Marble, solid
2563.00
160.00
Marble, broken
1570.00
98.01
Marl, wet
2243.00
140.03
Mica, solid
2883.00
179.98
Mica, broken
1602.00
100.01
Mica - flake
520.00
32.46
Mica - powder
986.00
61.55
Milk, powdered
449.00
28.03
Molybdenum ore
1600.00
99.88
Mortar, wet
2403.00
150.01
Mud, packed
1906.00
118.99
Mud, fluid
1730.00
108.00
Nickel ore
1600.00
99.88
Nickel, rolled
8666.00
541.00
Nickel silver
8442.00
527.02
Nitric acid
1506.00
94.02
Nitrogen
1.26
0.08
Oak, red
705.00
44.01
Oats
432.00
26.97
Oats, rolled
304.00
18.98
Oil cake
785.00
49.01
Oil, linseed
942.00
58.81
Oil, petroleum
881.00
55.00
Oxygen
1.43
0.09
Oyster shells, ground
849.00
53.00
Paper, standard
1201.00
74.98
Peanuts, shelled
641.00
40.02
Peanuts, not shelled
272.00
16.98
Peat, dry
400.00
24.97
Peat, moist
801.00
50.00
Peat, wet
1121.00
69.98
Pecan wood
753.00
47.01
Phosphate rock, broken
1762.00
110.00
Phosphorus
2339.00
146.02
Pitch
1153.00
71.98
Plaster
849.00
53.00
Platinum ore
2600.00
162.31
Porcelain
2403.00
150.01
Porphyry, solid
2547.00
159.00
Porphyry, broken
1650.00
103.01
Potash
1281.00
79.97
Potassium chloride
2002.00
124.98
Potatoes, white
769.00
48.01
Pumice, stone
641.00
40.02
Pyrite
5015.00
313.08
Quartz, solid
2643.00
165.00
Quartz, lump
1554.00
97.01
Quartz sand
1201.00
74.98
Resin, crushed
561.00
35.02
Rice, hulled
753.00
47.01
Rice, rough
577.00
36.02
Rice grits
689.00
43.01
Rip-Rap
1602.00
100.01
Rock, soft
1780.00
111.12
Rosin
1073.00
66.99
Rubber, caoutchouc
945.00
58.99
Rubber
1522.00
95.02
Rubber, ground scrap
481.00
30.03
Rye
705.00
44.01
Salt cake
1442.00
90.02
Salt, course
801.00
50.00
Salt, fine
1201.00
74.98
Saltpeter
1201.00
74.98
Sand, wet
1922.00
119.99
Sand, wet
2082.00
129.98
Sand, dry
1602.00
100.01
Sand, loose
1442.00
90.02
Sand, rammed
1682.00
105.00
Sand, water filled
1922.00
119.99
Sand with Gravel, dry
1650.00
103.01
Sand with Gravel, wet
2020.00
126.10
Sandstone, solid
2323.00
145.02
Sandstone, broken
1450.00
90.52
Sawdust
210.00
13.11
Sewage, sludge
721.00
45.01
Shale, solid
2675.00
166.99
Shale, broken
1586.00
99.01
Shells - oyster
800.00
49.94
Sinter
2180.00
136.09
Slag, solid
2114.00
131.97
Slag, broken
1762.00
110.00
Slag, crushed
1185.00
73.98
Slag, furn. granulated
961.00
59.99
Slate, solid
2691.00
167.99
Slate, broken
1450.00
90.52
Slate, pulverized
1362.00
85.03
Smithsonite
4300.00
268.44
Snow, freshly fallen
160.00
9.99
Snow, compacted
481.00
30.03
Soap, solid
801.00
50.00
Soap, chips
160.00
9.99
Soap, flakes
160.00
9.99
Soap, powdered
368.00
22.97
Soapstone talc
2400.00
149.83
Soda Ash, heavy
1080.00
67.42
Soda Ash, light
432.00
26.97
Sodium
977.00
60.99
Sodium Aluminate, ground
1153.00
71.98
Sodium Nitrate, ground
1201.00
74.98
Soy beans, whole
753.00
47.01
Starch, powdered
561.00
35.02
Stone, crushed
1602.00
100.01
Stone
2515.00
157.01
Sugar, brown
721.00
45.01
Sugar, powdered
801.00
50.00
Sugar, granulated
849.00
53.00
Sugar, raw
961.00
59.99
Sugarbeet pulp, dry
208.00
12.99
Sugarbeet pulp, wet
561.00
35.02
Sugarcane
272.00
16.98
Sulphur, solid
2002.00
124.98
Sulphur, lump
1314.00
82.03
Sulphur, pulverized
961.00
59.99
Taconite
2803.00
174.99
Talc, solid
2691.00
167.99
Talc, broken
1746.00
109.00
Tanbark, ground
881.00
55.00
Tankage
961.00
59.99
Tar
1153.00
71.98
Tobacco
320.00
19.98
Trap rock, solid
2883.00
179.98
Trap rock, broken
1746.00
109.00
Turf
400.00
24.97
Turpentine
865.00
54.00
Walnut, black, dry
609.00
38.02
Water, pure
1000.00
62.43
Water, sea
1026.00
64.05
Wheat
769.00
48.01
Wheat, cracked
673.00
42.01
Wood, dry
520.00
32.46
Wool
1314.00
82.03
Zinc oxide
400.00
24.97